Section 125 premium-only plan rules & regulations

Rising health insurance costs have many small employers looking for affordable ways to offer meaningful employee benefits. One option is to use a Section 125 premium-only plan (POP), also known as a premium-only cafeteria plan, alongside a group plan. It lets employees pay for their share of eligible insurance premiums with pre-tax dollars.

But before you offer one, it's important to understand the compliance requirements and how POPs compare to and work with other tax-advantaged benefit options, including health reimbursement arrangements (HRAs).

In this article, we'll take you through a deep dive into Section 125 rules and regulations.

In this blog post, you'll learn:

• What a Section 125 plan is and how it works
• The rules and compliance requirements for premium-only plans (POPs)
• How POPs compare to alternatives like ICHRA and QSEHRA.

What is a Section 125 plan?

Named after Section 125 of the Internal Revenue Code¹, a Section 125 plan allows employees to take a taxable portion of their total compensation, most often their cash wages, and receive it on a pre-tax basis to pay for qualified benefits.

With these plans, employees “elect” the total amount of pre-tax money they want their employer to withhold from their income for the plan year. The employer distributes this amount equally between their paychecks.

For example, an employee may elect to have $900 per year deducted from their income. If they receive a paycheck bi-monthly, the employer will deduct $37.50 from each paycheck on a pre-tax basis, which they can then allocate toward qualified benefits.

Examples of Section 125 plans include:

• Premium-only plans (POPs): A POP allows employees to pay their share of health insurance premiums with pre-tax money. The only expenses POP plans can cover are premiums for employer-sponsored health plans or, if combined with the right benefits, individual health policies.
• Flexible spending accounts (FSAs): An FSA is a special savings account that enables employees and employers to make tax-free contributions to pay for medical expenses. FSAs have annual contribution limits, and funds don't roll over from year to year. FSAs don't cover insurance premiums.
• Simple cafeteria plan: For employers with fewer than 100 employees, simple cafeteria plans must follow special requirements regarding company size, employee eligibility and participation, and contribution amounts to allow employers to bypass annual nondiscrimination testing.
• Full-flex cafeteria plan: Also known as a cafeteria plan, these plans allow employers to make a non-elective contribution for each eligible employee that they can then use to purchase qualified benefits. Employees can also make extra pre-tax contributions to spend on additional benefits.
• Health savings accounts (HSAs): An HSA is an employee-owned savings account that allows employers and employees to contribute pre-tax dollars for future medical expenses. Like FSAs, HSAs have annual contribution limits. Employees can't use HSAs for premiums.

Because Section 125 plans use pre-tax dollars, employees enrolled in them pay less federal income, Medicare, and Social Security taxes. This can equal tax savings between² 20% and 40%, depending on where they live. These plans also save employers an extra 7.65% on their payroll taxes.

Like most fringe benefits, employers can't require employees to participate in a Section 125 plan.

What are the rules and regulations for Section 125 premium-only plans?

Understanding Section 125 plan rules for POPs can be difficult if it's your first time. But it's vital to ensure you follow all the requirements to avoid compliance issues and receive your full tax advantages.

The sections below will help guide you through the strict rules and regulations for Section 125 plans.

Plan documents

A main component of maintaining your Section 125 POP is creating and adopting the necessary plan documentation. These documents include a main plan document, an adoption agreement, and a summary plan description (SPD).

The main document and the adoption agreement outline what the plan offers, qualified benefits, and your legal obligations. You can include the adoption agreement in the main plan document or keep it separate. You must adopt these documents on or before the first day of the plan year.

Plan participants must receive a copy of the plan documents every 10 years if you don't update the plan's details. If you've updated the plan, participants should receive a copy every five years.

Your Section 125 plan documents should include the following:

• The plan year
• A description of the available benefits through the plan
• Employee eligibility and participation rules
• The process for how employees may make pre-tax elections toward the plan, including enrollment periods, effective dates, maximum contribution limits, and applicable election changes due to a qualifying event
• Provisions regarding how or if employers can make contributions to the plan
• Information regarding specific benefits
• For example, if you’re offering a health FSA, you’ll need to include information in the plan document regarding the “use-it-or-lose-it” provisions

An SPD is a summary of your benefit plan that highlights the benefit's details and requirements in plain language for your employees. You must provide the SPD to all eligible employees within 90 days of their first date of coverage under the plan.

Some of the benefits you offer through your Section 125 plan may have to follow the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) requirements regarding plan documents and SPDs, which differ from Section 125 regulations. You must check which benefits must follow multiple plan document requirements to ensure you remain compliant.

Working with a third-party administrator (TPA), tax advisor, or legal counsel to draft your plan documents can help you navigate potential compliance issues and avoid costly penalties.

Salary-reduction agreement

Employees should receive a salary-reduction agreement before enrolling in a Section 125 POP. A salary-reduction agreement³ is a document in which the employee agrees to accept a lower salary in exchange for contributing pre-tax money—also called “salary reduction contributions” or “elections” toward their Section 125 plan.

By signing, employees opt in to their plan and acknowledge that their employer will make pre-tax payroll deductions for qualified benefits.

Eligibility

Current employees are eligible to participate in a Section 125 plan. Only enrolled employees can make contributions to the plan. However, an employee's spouse, dependent child under age 27, or other qualified dependent can receive qualified benefits through the plan.

Any company⁴ with employees subject to U.S. income taxes can sponsor a Section 125 plan, including:

• C corporation
• S corporation
• Limited liability company (LLC)
• Partnership
• Sole proprietorship
• Government entity
• Nonprofit organization
• Public sector company

Self-employed individuals, partners within a partnership, and shareholders who own more than 2% of a subchapter S corporation can't participate in a Section 125 plan.

Qualified benefits

According to IRS rules, a Section 125 plan must give employees a choice between at least one taxable benefit, such as cash wages, and one or more qualified benefits. Depending on the type of benefit or the coverage amount, the taxability rules will vary.

The following qualified benefits are eligible under Section 125 plans:

• Group health plan coverage
• Dental and vision coverage
• Accident, death, and dismemberment coverage
• Short- or long-term disability insurance
• Retirement deposits
• Adoption assistance
• Dependent care assistance
• Life insurance (for the employee)
• Health savings accounts (HSAs)
• COBRA coverage
• Health FSAs
• Dependent care assistance plans (DCAP)

The federal government also clarified in Health Reimbursement Arrangements and Other Account-Based Group Health Plans (2019-12571) that employees with an individual coverage HRA (ICHRA) can pay their portion of their individual health insurance premiums (after accounting for any ICHRA contributions) with a Section 125 plan if the plan is purchased off-exchange⁵.

Non-qualified benefits under Section 125 policies are educational assistance plans, transportation fringe benefits, certain benefits under Code Section 132, traditional health reimbursement arrangements (HRAs), individual major medical plans purchased on-exchange, long-term care insurance, and life insurance plans for an employee's spouse or dependent⁶.

Employee elections and enrollment

Generally, employees must make Section 125 POP plan elections on a prospective basis, not retroactively. This means employees make their elections during the annual open enrollment period, with their elections taking effect on the first day of the following plan year. However, there's an exception for new hires. New employees may make their elections retroactively within 30 days of their hire date⁷ to be effective on their original hire date.

Employees usually can't change their elections during the plan year. However, the IRS allows employees to change their elections during the plan year if they meet certain conditions.

The following conditions must apply for an employee to change their elections mid-year:

• The employee must have an IRS-recognized mid-year election change event.
• IRS-recognized mid-year election change events include a change in status (such as marital status, addition or loss of dependents, or employment changes); changes in cost or coverage (such as reduction of coverage or the addition of a qualified benefit); and other laws (such as eligibility for Medicare or Medicaid, leave under the Family and Medical Leave Act, or court-ordered judgments).
• The plan design must allow mid-year election changes for the event the employee experienced.
• The employee’s election change must be consistent with the mid-year election change event.

Mid-year election changes must be effective prospectively, with one exception. Employees who acquire a new dependent through marriage, birth, adoption, or placement for adoption can make retroactive election changes under the HIPAA special enrollment rule.

Some mid-year change events will apply to all qualified benefits. However, other events only affect certain benefits. For example, employees who make HSA contributions under a Section 125 plan can start, stop, increase, or decrease the election at any time during the plan year if they make it effective prospectively.

Employers that allow mid-year election change events should include these details in their plan documents, including which benefits the change events apply to, to ensure clarity for employees. Additionally, employers with fully-insured health policies must check with their insurer to confirm that mid-year election change events comply with their health insurance plan.

Nondiscrimination testing

Section 125 plans must pass specific tests to prove the plan doesn't discriminate against non-highly compensated employees (NHCEs). If your plan is discriminatory, highly compensated employees (HCEs) will lose their tax advantages, meaning they must pay taxes on their qualified benefits.

NHCEs participating in the plan will still receive their tax benefits even if their plan is discriminatory.

Your plan must pass the following three nondiscrimination tests:

1. Eligibility: Your plan design can't make it easier for your company's highest-paid key employees to participate. If too many non-highly compensated employees are ineligible to participate, the plan will fail this test.
2. Benefits and contributions: Similar to eligibility, the benefits and contributions you offer must equally favor employees of all compensation levels. Highly compensated employees can't select more nontaxable benefits than non-highly compensated employees.
3. Key employee concentration: The value of the benefits provided to your key employees must be at most 25% of the aggregate value of all your employees' benefits.

There are certain exceptions and safe harbors that apply to nondiscrimination tests. For example, a POP plan can satisfy the nondiscrimination requirements if it passes the eligibility test. Once you complete your tests, keep all your results on file in the event of an audit.

Reporting requirements

Section 125 plans use pre-tax contributions, so they're generally not subject to the reporting requirements that other employee benefit plans must follow, such as completing Form 5500.

However, as they're still a fringe benefit, employers can report Section 125 plan deductions on their employees' Form W-2 in Box 14 for informational purposes. They can include deductions toward Section 125 dependent care plan benefits in Box 10. In either case, the IRS doesn't consider these amounts taxable income for employees.

You may have to fulfill other reporting requirements depending on what benefits you offer alongside your Section 125 plan.

How Section 125 POPs work with ICHRA

While POPs allow employers and employees to make pre-tax contributions to the employee portion of group health insurance costs, there's a more cost-effective way to facilitate a group health insurance benefit. An ICHRA allows you to reimburse your employees for their qualifying medical expenses. This includes individual health insurance premiums.

Organizations of all sizes can offer an individual coverage HRA (ICHRA). However, employees must have an individual health insurance policy to participate.

While employers may compare POPs and ICHRAs as separate benefit options, they work together. An ICHRA provides employers with a flexible way to contribute toward employees’ individual health insurance premiums instead of offering a traditional group plan, while a Section 125 premium-only plan allows employees to use pre-tax payroll deductions for their remaining premium costs.

The key is that employees must be enrolled in off-exchange individual health plans to qualify for salary reductions with a Section 125 plan.

PeopleKeep by Remodel Health uses a tax-free reimbursement model for ICHRA. Employers who need an ICHRA payment solution with pre-tax payroll deductions for employee premium contributions above their ICHRA allowance can access this capability through Remodel Health's ICHRA+ solution.

An alternative to offering a group plan with a POP: QSEHRA

You can also forgo the structure of a group plan with a POP altogether with an HRA, including ICHRA and a small business HRA.

With a qualified small employer HRA (QSEHRA), organizations with fewer than 50 full-time equivalent employees (FTEs) can reimburse employees tax-free for out-of-pocket medical expenses and health insurance premiums. With a premium-only QSEHRA, you can restrict eligible expenses to only insurance premiums for employees and their dependents.

At PeopleKeep by Remodel Health, we specialize in helping small business owners provide tax-free funds for their employees’ qualified medical expenses.

Conclusion

Offering a health benefit can positively impact your employees and entice them to stay at your company long-term. With a Section 125 plan, employees can save on qualified benefits while reducing their tax liabilities. However, you must comply with Section 125 plan rules and regulations to avoid penalties.

If you're unsure if your Section 125 plan complies with the rules, work with a tax advisor or TPA to help you create the required plan documents and implement the benefit properly to ensure you fulfill your legal responsibilities.

This article was originally published on September 15, 2012. It was last updated on July 24, 2026.

References

1. IRS Notice 2005-42
2. Section 125 Cafeteria Plans: Maximize Tax Savings and Check Eligibility
3. Internal Revenue Bulletin: 2007-39
4. IRS Publication 15-B (2026), Employer’s Tax Guide to Fringe Benefits
5. Federal Register: Health Reimbursement Arrangements and Other Account-Based Group Health Plans
6. Cornell Law School: 26 U.S. Code § 132 - Certain fringe benefits
7. IRS Notice 2014-55

This article is educational in nature and should not be taken as legal or tax advice. Please consult with legal or tax professionals on the specifics for your business.